Thermal emission of neutron stars with internal heaters

Using 1D and 2D cooling codes, we study thermal emission from neutron stars with steady state internal heaters of various intensities and geometries (blobs or spherical layers) located at different depths in the crust. The generated heat tends to propagate radially, from the heater down to the stellar core and up to the surface; it is also emitted by neutrinos. In local regions near the heater, the results are well described with the 1D code. The heater’s region projects on to the stellar surface forming a hotspot. There are two heat propagation regimes. In the first, conduction outflow regime (realized at heat rates H